Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Cardiovascular pharmacology studies the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular and circulatory systems. It primarily improves the safety profile of potential new drugs and provides pharmacological data that may be used to refine additional compounds before selecting ones that are appropriate for clinical development. The three main effects of cardiac medicines on heart function are as follows. They may affect the heartbeat's regularity, frequency, or pace, as well as the force with which the heart muscle contracts.