15^th Annual Congress on Pharmacology and Toxicology December 02-03, 2018 Paris, France

Track 01: Pharmacology

Pharmacology helps to understand drug action at the organ and organismal levels. The application of computational and experimental systems biology approaches to pharmacology allows us to expand the definition of  pharmacology. It helps to include network analyses at multiple scales of biological organization and to explain both therapeutic and adverse effects of drugs. Pharmacology analyses rely on experimental "omics" technologies that are capable of measuring changes in large numbers of variables, often at a genome-wide level, to build networks for analyzing drug action.

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Track 02: Toxicology 

Toxicology can be defined as the study of the adverse effects of chemicals, pharmaceutical chemicals or any other physical agents on living organisms. Adverse effects may occur in many forms, ranging from immediate death to subtle changes not realized until months or years later. They may occur at various levels within the body, from cellular level to organ level and can affect the organism or sometimes a specific biochemical. The safety evaluation of pharma products involves evaluation for the risk that a drug can pose to animals and man with respect to normal physiological function and reproductive performance. Drug safety and efficacy testing are essential for new pharma drugs, biological, herbal and natural remedies, nutraceuticals and probiotic food products, and select cosmetics before they are introduced in the market.

Track 03: Ethnopharmacology

The study of action and properties of medicinal agents, often derived from plants, indigenous to population or ethnic groups. Ethnopharmacology is an amalgam of perspectives, primarily those of pharmacology, pharmacognosy, anthropology, and botany. Ethnopharmacology has contributed to the discovery of many important plant-derived drugs. Herbalism when combined with phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology is a powerful means for drug discovery. Ethnopharmacology is restricted to natural products used in a traditional context.

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Track 04: Neuropharmacology & Psychopharmacology

Neuropharmacology can be defined as the study of how cellular functions in the nervous system, got affected by drugs and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior. The two main branches of neuropharmacology are behavioral and molecular pharmacology. Behavioral neuropharmacology focuses on how drugs affect human behavior. It also includes the study of how drug addiction and dependence effect on the human brain. Studying these interactions, scientists are developing drugs to treat many different neurological disorders, including pain, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, psychological disorders, addiction, and many others.

Psychopharmacology cab be referred as the study of drug-induced changes in thinking, mood, and behavior. These drugs may take their origin from natural sources such as plants and animals, or from artificial sources such as chemical syntheses in the laboratory. These drugs interact with target sites or receptors within the nervous system and induce widespread physiological changes or psychological functions.

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Track 05: Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology

Molecular Pharmacology, this branch of pharmacology focuses on understanding the nature of the molecular recognition processes between macromolecular targets and drugs. Another major development in molecular pharmacology has been the discipline of pharmacogenomics: the study of how an individual’s genetic makeup influences their responses to therapeutic drugs.

Clinical pharmacology is a branch of biomedical science. It includes drug discovery, the study of the effects of drugs on their targets in living systems and their clinical use, as well as the study of biological function related to these chemicals. Clinical pharmacology includes application of pharmacological principles, such as pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

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Track 06: Nursing Pharmacology

Nursing pharmacology helps nurses to understand how drugs work in the body.  They enable them to understand the therapeutic effects, anticipate and recognize the potential side effects or toxicities of the drugs administered by the patients. In drug therapy today, nurses, together with physicians and pharmacists, participate in a system of checks and balances designed to promote beneficial effects and minimize harm. Nurses are especially important in this system because it is the nurse—not the physician or pharmacist—who follows the patient’s status most closely. 

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Track 07: Environmental Pharmacology

Environmental pharmacology is a branch of pharmacology. It deals with the entry of harmful chemicals or drugs into the environment after elimination as post-therapy from humans and animals. Environmental pharmacology includes ecopharmacology, pharmacoenvironmentology, and ecotoxicology. The origin of Origins of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment are portions of most ingested drugs are excreted in varying unmetabolized amounts (and in undissolved states because of protection by excipients) primarily via the urine and feces, bio-active metabolites, conjugates, free excreted drugs and derivatives can escape degradation in municipal sewage treatment facilities; the conjugates can be hydrolyzed back to the free parent drug, and un-degraded molecules are then discharged to receiving surface waters or find their way to ground waters, e.g., leaching, recharge.

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Track 08: Genetic toxicology

Genetic toxicology helps to discern the possibility of heritable mutations, developmental defects, cancer initiation, aging, and other long-term adverse genetic effects. Genotoxicity describes the assets of chemical sellers that damage the genetic records inside cellular causing mutations, which may lead to most cancers. At the same time, genotoxicity is often stressed with mutagenicity; all mutagens are genotoxic, while no longer all genotoxic materials are mutagenic. The alteration could have direct or indirect consequences at the DNA: the induction of mutations mistimed occasion activation, and direct DNA damage leading to mutations.

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Track 09: Drug Discovery & Drug Screening

Reverse pharmacology includes drug screening deals with reverse pharmacology and forward pharmacology are two approaches to drug discovery. Target based drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology, screening of chemical libraries and its pharmacology, methods to determine biological targeting, by systematically perturbing and interrogating biological pathways with synthetically novel chemical tools, preclinical validation of target biology is beginning to illuminate a more cost-effective and efficient paradigm for the development of novel drugs modulating novel targets.

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Track 10: Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Cardio pharmacodynamics of digitalis is most frequently used to increase the adequacy of the circulation in patients with CCF and to slow the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter NB: the main action of digitalis is its ability to increase myocardial contractility its positive isotropic action results in, a. increased cardiac output, b. decreased heart size, c. decreased venous pressure, d. decreased circulating blood volume. e. neural tissue being responsible for indirect cardiac actions of the drug finally, changes to the circulation brought about by digitalis frequently result in reflex autonomic & hormonal changes which affect the CVS. Role of drugs in coronary circulation the circulatory system is busy providing oxygen and nourishment to every cell of the body, let's not forget that the heart, which works hardest of all, needs nourishment. Ethnopharmacology is to identify the objectives of a largely virtual field whose self-identified membership represents a diverse suite of academic and applied disciplines, as well as commercial interests. Integrative Pharmacological Investigations include conglomeration of more number of pharmacological aspects and aggregated scientific research of two or more drugs. Natural products of chemistry in drug discovery play a vital role in bringing advances in traditional drug treatments. Chemistry and structural elucidation of drugs accelerate potential treatment options in the evolving developmental changes.

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Track 11: Forensic toxicology

Forensic toxicology uses toxicology and other disciplines such as analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry and pharmacology to aid medical or legal investigation of drug use, poisoning and death. It deals with the investigation of toxic substances, poisonous products and environmental chemicals. The primary concern of Forensic Toxicology is to obtain and interpret the results. Toxicological analysis can be done to various kinds of samples. Forensic toxicology involves not only determining the presence of Toxic substance in the post-mortem body, but how the body’s natural processes affect the substance, including chemical change and dilution. Investigators rely on the forensic toxicologist to make reliable conclusions about the impact a specific amount of a specific substance would have on a specific individual. Currently, forensic toxicology is the study of drugs, alcohol and poisons, including their chemical composition, identification and preparations. It comprises knowledge about the absorption, distribution and elimination process of such substances in the body, as well as the manner in which the body responds to their presence and the factors which define Drug Safety and efficacy.

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Track 12: Food and Chemical Toxicology

Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques. Furthermore new areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and biotechnologically derived products and inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology are welcomed. The studies may address the physiological, biochemical or pathological changes induced by specific substances, techniques for assessing potential toxicity, including molecular biology or the mechanisms underlying toxic phenomena.

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Track 13: Pharmacological Testing

Pharmacological Testing includes both Pharmacologic stress testing and nuclear stress test. Whereas the Pharmacologic stress testing is the set up after activity testing, is an analytic system in which cardiovascular anxiety affected by pharmacologic operators is shown in patients with diminished useful limit or in patients who can't work out. And Pharmacological nuclear stress test is a demonstrative test used to assess blood stream to the heart. Amid the test, a little measure of radioactive tracer is infused into a vein. A unique camera, called a gamma camera, identifies the radiation discharged by the tracer to create PC pictures of the heart.

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Track 14: Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Pharmaceutical chemistry is one considered to be pharmaceutical, with deep roots in the chemistry and Sciences border with Pharmacology, studying the design, synthesis and development of molecules with biological activity and drugs for therapeutic purposes. Pharmaceutical chemistry aims the identification, synthesis and the development of new chemical compounds that are suitable for therapeutic use. This includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties and their quantitative structure-activity relationship. She also studies the quantitative interactions among these molecules and its biological effects. It's a very deep and complex discipline that combines knowledge of organic chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, bioinformatics, biochemistry, pharmacodynamics, bio pharmacy and pharmacokinetics.

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Importance & Scope

The pharmaceutical industry comprises of companies that are engaged in research, development, manufacture and distribution drugs for human or veterinary use. The primary function of the research-based pharmaceutical corporations is to create value by discovering and producing effective medicines, vaccines and services that improve patients’ well-being, and can be sold in markets at a profit. As well as increasing shareholder value, this contributes significantly to the quality and protection of life and helps make the world a better place. In the past 60 years, innovation and technology have driven huge improvements in global health.

New drugs have an enormous positive influence on global health, prosperity and economic productivity by saving lives, increasing life spans, reducing suffering, preventing surgeries and shortening hospital stays. Advances in medicine have eliminated deadly diseases and have brought other life-threatening conditions under control. Drug therapy is now an integral part of nearly every facet of healthcare, and new breakthroughs promise to revolutionize the treatment of non-communicable diseases.

Market Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Industries and Trends Estimation

Over the past few years, the global pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry has experienced moderate growth. The moderate growth has been underpinned by rising demand for healthcare and medications worldwide, especially from emerging economies. Additionally, higher healthcare standards and greater emphasis on illness prevention have given pharmaceuticals a higher significance among consumers, thereby driving sales over the period. In 2014, the global pharmaceutical industry crossed the USD1 trillion mark for the first time, with North America generating more than 40% of these revenues.

The global $1.12 trillion market in 2022, will rise at a faster clip during 2016-2020, then slow down a bit as major patent expiration take hold. It is expected that the global market declined by 1.0% in 2015, but will grow by 4.8% this year. Prescription sales excluding generics will rise 4.4% this year, and expected to reach $1.006 trillion in 2022. Generics sales will increase from $73 billion in 2015 to $115 billion in 2022, and constitute 10.2% of prescription sales at that point only 0.3 percentage points more than it is now.

R&D spending & growth

During the 2008-2015 period, the compound annual growth rate of global R&D spending was 1.7%; during the 2016-2022 period, the rate will grow at 2.8%. The year-over-year increase, however, will remain around 3%, versus some dramatic jumps seen in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Overall spending will reach $182 billion in 2022. Top spenders in 2015 were Roche and Novartis ($8.5 billion each in 2015), Pfizer ($7.7 billion), J&J ($6.8 billion), Merck ($6.6 billion), and Sanofi and AstraZeneca ($5.6 billion each). However, in 2022, J&J will overtake Pfizer, and Sanofi will overtake Merck. The drug discovery services market is expected to reach USD 14.40 Billion by 2022 from USD 8.32 Billion in 2017, at a CAGR of 11.6%. The major factors driving the growth of this market are increasing research and development expenditure, inclination of major pharmaceutical companies towards outsourcing to avoid hurdles, and increasing demand for outsourcing of analytical testing and clinical trial services.

The fast-growing division of the pharmaceutical market include generics and biologics. Biologics now account for over a third of all new drugs in clinical trials or awaiting FDA approval.15 U.S. generic drug sales reached an estimated $70 billion, representing a quarter of the global market, due to a large number of drugs going off-patent and healthcare reforms favoring generics. Although generics make up only 22 percent of total prescription sales, its share of filled prescriptions has risen from 19 percent in 1984 to 88 percent in 2015. The research-based pharmaceutical industry is estimated to have spent nearly USD 149.8 billion globally on pharmaceutical R&D in 2015-16. Among all the industrial sectors, the research-based pharmaceutical industry has consistently invested the most in research and development, even in times of economic turmoil and monetary crisis.

When compared with other high-technology industries, the annual spending by the pharmaceutical industry is 5.5 times greater than that of the aerospace and defense industries, 5 times more than that of the chemicals industry, and 1.8 times more than that of the software and computer services industry.

According to the QuintilesIMS Institute predicts that the pharmaceutical market by 2021 will reach nearly USD 1,485 billion, by an increase of USD 350-380 billion from the USD 1,105 billion recorded in 2016. This growth is coming mainly from market expansion in pharmerging countries117 and demographic trends in developed countries due to an ageing population. Global brand spending is forecast to increase to USD 815-832 billion in 2021. Global generic spending is expected to increase to USD 495-505 billion by 2021.

The United States share of global spending will increase from USD 461.7 billion in 2016 to USD 645-675 billion in 2021, while the European share of spending will grow from USD 151.8 billion to USD 170-200 billion. Meanwhile, pharmerging countries will spend nearly 315-345 USD billion in 2021 from 242.9 in 2016.

Pharmacology, Pharmacovigilance, and Toxicology Societies and Associations Worldwide & Europe

European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 

European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology 

European Behavioral Pharmacology Society 

European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 

European Society of Biochemical Pharmacology 

European Society of Developmental, Perinatal and Pediatric Pharmacology 

European Society of Ethnopharmacology 

Federation of European Pharmacological Societies 

Network Clinical Pharmacology in Germany

International Society of Pharmacovigilance

Drug Information Association

The International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology

The Drug Safety Research Unit

Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society

Society of Toxicology

International Union of Toxicology

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Federation of European Toxicologists and Societies of Toxicology

World Top Pharmacology Colleges

Harvard University

University of California

University of Oxford

University of Cambridge

University College London

Karolinska Institute

University of Michigan

The University of Nottingham

Leiden University

The University of Tokyo

Purdue University

Kings College London

Yale University

Johns Hopkins University

National University of Singapore

Leading Companies in the Generic Industry

Pfizer

Johnson & Johnson

Roche

Novartis

Merck & Co

Sanofi

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)

Gilead

AbbVie

Bayer

Amgen

AstraZeneca

Sanofi

Bristol-Myers Squibb

Teva

Eli Lilly

Allergan

Novo Nordisk

Boehringer Ingelheim

Takeda

Celgene

Astellas Pharma

Shire

Mylan

Biogen

Daiichi Sankyo

Merck KGaA

Valeant

Otsuka

Sun

Eisai

Les