15^th Annual Congress on Pharmacology and Toxicology December 02-03, 2018 Paris, France

Toxicology is a branch of science that deals with poisons and their effect on the living organisms. A poison can be defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by accident or design, to a living organism. Toxicology also includes the study of harmful effects which are the cause of various kinds of physical phenomena, such as radiation and noise.

Ethnopharmacology is the study of medicinally used substances, especially folk remedies, by diverse cultural or ethnic groups. Traditional medicine is a term applied to pre-scientific medical systems that possess bodies of medical knowledge, including pharmacopoeia, that are passed through generations from healer to healer. The combined use of vaccines and immunostimulants is emerging as one of the innovative approaches in adjuvant development. The role of herbal drugs as immunomodulator agents are well-documented and their importance in bioprospecting is obvious.

Neuropharmacology is the study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system. Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions, with the overall goal of developing drugs that have beneficial effects on neurological function. Neuropharmacology is merely concerned with neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, receptor proteins and their interactions in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Psychopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology dealing with the study of the actions and the effects of psychoactive drugs. Psychopharmacology is an interdisciplinary field combining psychology with pharmacology and dealing largely with psychotropic drugs, neurohormones, and, neurotransmitters.

Molecular pharmacology is a field of pharmacology. The branch of pharmacology is concerned with the study of molecular basis of pharmacology. Molecular pharmacologists study the molecular study of pharmaceuticals and natural compounds used in the treatment of disease, and they also study disease on a molecular basis with the goal of developing pharmacologically active agents which could be used in the treatment of disease.

Clinical pharmacology is a medical discipline and branch of pharmacology which, on a scientific basis, combines clinical expertise and pharmacology with the goal of improving efficacy and safety in the clinical use of drugs. The significant role of drug therapy in many fields of medicine is the background for establishing clinical pharmacology as a separate discipline.

Nursing Pharmacology is the study of how guidelines for nurses about the substances that interact with living organisms to produce a change in function. It deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the illumination of cellular and organism function in relation to these chemicals.

Environmental pharmacology which can be defined as the effect of pharmaceuticals and house care products on the environment and the ecosystem. Environmental pharmacology is a relatively new and emerging specialty of pharmacology. It involves the study of gene-environment interaction, drug-environment interaction and toxin-environment interaction.

Genetic toxicology helps to discern the possibility of heritable mutations, developmental defects, cancer initiation, aging, and other long-term adverse genetic effects. Genotoxicity describes the assets of chemical sellers that damage the genetic records inside cellular causing mutations, which may lead to most cancers. At the same time, genotoxicity is often stressed with mutagenicity; all mutagens are genotoxic, while no longer all genotoxic materials are mutagenic. The alteration could have direct or indirect consequences at the DNA: the induction of mutations mistimed occasion activation, and direct DNA damage leading to mutations.

Reverse pharmacology includes drug screening deals with reverse pharmacology and forward pharmacology are two approaches to drug discovery. Target based drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified. It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology, screening of chemical libraries and its pharmacology, methods to determine biological targeting, by systematically perturbing and interrogating biological pathways with synthetically novel chemical tools, preclinical validation of target biology is beginning to illuminate a more cost-effective and efficient paradigm for the development of novel drugs modulating novel targets.

Cardio pharmacodynamics of digitalis is most frequently used to increase the adequacy of the circulation in patients with CCF and to slow the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter NB: the main action of digitalis is its ability to increase myocardial contractility its positive isotropic action results in, a. increased cardiac output, b. decreased heart size, c. decreased venous pressure, d. decreased circulating blood volume. e. neural tissue being responsible for indirect cardiac actions of the drug finally, changes to the circulation brought about by digitalis frequently result in reflex autonomic & hormonal changes which affect the CVS. 

Forensic toxicology uses toxicology and other disciplines such as analytical chemistry, clinical chemistry and pharmacology to aid medical or legal investigation of drug use, poisoning and death. It deals with the investigation of toxic substances, poisonous products and environmental chemicals. 

Food and Chemical Toxicology (FCT), an internationally renowned journal, that publishes original research articles and reviews on toxic effects, in animals and humans, of natural or synthetic chemicals occurring in the human environment with particular emphasis on food, drugs and chemicals, including agricultural and industrial safety, and consumer product safety. Areas such as safety evaluation of novel foods and ingredients, biotechnologically-derived products and nanomaterials are included in the scope of the journal. FCT also encourages submission of papers on inter-relationships between nutrition and toxicology and on in vitro techniques. 

Pharmaceutical chemists are involved in the development and assessment of therapeutic compounds. Pharmaceutical chemistry encompasses drug design, drug synthesis, and the evaluation of drug efficacy (how effective it is in treating a condition) and drug safety. Drug discovery is the core of pharmaceutical chemistry. The drug discovery process includes all the stages of drug development, from targeting a disease or medical condition to toxicity studies in animals, or even, by some definitions, testing the drug on human subjects. Typically, conditions that affect a larger percentage of the population receive more attention and more research funding.

Pharmacological Testing includes both Pharmacologic stress testing and nuclear stress test. Whereas the Pharmacologic stress testing is the set up after activity testing, is an analytic system in which cardiovascular anxiety affected by pharmacologic operators is shown in patients with diminished useful limit or in patients who can't work out. And Pharmacological nuclear stress test is a demonstrative test used to assess blood stream to the heart. Amid the test, a little measure of radioactive tracer is infused into a vein. A unique camera, called a gamma camera, identifies the radiation discharged by the tracer to create PC pictures of the heart.